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| website = | extra = }} The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). The dam is the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy generation, generating 83.7 TWh in 2013 and 98.8 TWh in 2014, while the annual energy generation of the Itaipú Dam in Brazil and Paraguay was 98.6 TWh in 2013 and 87.8 in 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/energia/geracao )〕 Except for a ship lift, the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=三峡工程最后一台机组结束72小时试运行 )〕 when the last of the main water turbines in the underground plant began production. Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW. The dam body was completed in 2006. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22,500 MW.〔〔 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://inventorspot.com/articles/final_turbine_chinas_three_gorges_dam_begins_testing )〕 As well as producing electricity, the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity and reduce the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space. The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic success, with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines, and a move toward limiting greenhouse gas emissions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=一座自主创新历史丰碑 三峡工程的改革开放之路 )〕 However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=重庆云阳长江右岸现360万方滑坡险情-地方-人民网 ) See also: (【引用サイトリンク】title=探访三峡库区云阳故陵滑坡险情 )〕 The dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad.〔 See also: and and 〕 ==History== A large dam across the Yangtze River was originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in ''The International Development of China'', in 1919.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=中国国民党、亲民党、111新党访问团相继参观三峡工程_新闻中心_新浪网 )〕 He stated that a dam capable of generating 30 million horsepower (22 GW) was possible downstream of the Three Gorges.〔 In 1932, the Nationalist government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, began preliminary work on plans in the Three Gorges. In 1939, Japanese military forces occupied Yichang and surveyed the area. A design, the Otani plan, was completed for the dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China. In 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation chief design engineer, John L. Savage, surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal for the 'Yangtze River Project'.〔 (John Lucian Savage Biography ) by Abel Wolman & W. H. Lyles, National Academy of Science, 1978.〕 Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the U.S. for training. The original plans called for the dam to employ a unique method for moving ships; the ships would move into locks located at the lower and upper ends of the dam and then cranes with cables would move the ships from one lock to the next. In the case of smaller water craft, groups of craft would be lifted together for efficiency. It is not known whether this solution was considered for its water-saving performance or because the engineers thought the difference in height between the river above and below the dam too great for alternative methods.〔 ''Popular Science'', July 1946〕 Some exploration, survey, economic study, and design work was done, but the government, in the midst of the Chinese Civil War, halted work in 1947. After the 1949 Communist takeover, Mao Zedong supported the project, but began the Gezhouba Dam project nearby first, and economic problems including the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution slowed progress. After the 1954 Yangtze River Floods, in 1956, Mao Zedong authored "Swimming", a poem about his fascination with a dam on the Yangtze River. In 1958, after the Hundred Flowers Campaign, some engineers who spoke out against the project were imprisoned. During the 1980s, the idea of a dam reemerged. The National People's Congress approved the dam in 1992: out of 2,633 delegates, 1,767 voted in favour, 177 voted against, 664 abstained, and 25 members did not vote.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1992年4月3日全国人大批准兴建三峡工程 )〕 Construction started on December 14, 1994.〔 〕 The dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009, but additional projects, such as the underground power plant with six additional generators, delayed full operation until May 2012.〔〔 The ship lift was expected to be completed in 2014.〔 The dam had raised the water level in the reservoir to above sea level by the end of 2008 and the designed maximum level of by October 2010.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=三峡完成172.5米蓄水 中游航道正常维护(图)-搜狐新闻 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Three Gorges Dam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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